The Evolution of Polyurethanes: From Invention to Medical Applications

Polyurethane technology has undergone significant transformation since its inception in the mid-20th century. The journey began in the 1960s when DuPont was awarded the American patent for Lycra® in 1960, which later found applications beyond fashion, particularly in medicine. This paved the way for the exploration of polyurethanes as versatile materials suited for various applications, including medical devices.

By 1967, Lycra® made its debut in the medical field, thanks to the pioneering work of researchers like Boretos and Pierce. Their efforts marked the beginning of a new era where synthetic polymers could be harnessed for critical applications in healthcare. The introduction of thermoplastic polyurethanes such as Estane® VC and Avcothane™ followed, showcasing the adaptability of these materials for use in biomedical contexts.

The late 1970s and early 1980s were particularly crucial for the development of polyurethanes in medicine. The implantation of the first artificial heart in 1982 utilized Biomer™ and Avcothane™, highlighting the potential of polyurethanes in life-saving applications. Despite the promising advancements, the commercial viability of biomedical polyurethanes remained limited compared to industrial applications.

Throughout the years, advancements in polyurethane technology included the transition from polyester-based systems to more economical polyether-based alternatives. Companies began to manufacture polyether-urethanes for various uses, including adhesives, foams, and coatings. This shift not only reduced costs but also enhanced the properties of these materials, making them suitable for broader applications.

Despite their remarkable characteristics, polyurethanes designated for biomedical use account for a small segment of the overall market. Research in this area is often driven by small firms and governmental support, focusing on tailoring polyurethanes to meet specific medical needs. As polyurethane science continues to evolve, the potential for innovation within this field remains significant, particularly with ongoing research into new reactants and processing methods.