WHAT IS TOOTHPASTE MADE FROM? TOOTHPASTE BASIC TUTORIALS

BASIC INFORMATION ABOUT TOOTHPASTE

What is toothpaste made from?



It is not a paste made from teeth. Toothpaste is made from abrasives and detergents, usually with other minor ingredients to add special features.

A simple toothpaste can be made from baking soda and salt. Both of these ingredients act as abrasives to help the toothbrush scrub off the film in the mouth left by germs.

About half of a typical toothpaste is abrasives. Typical abrasives used are sodium bicarbonate (baking soda), calcium carbonate (chalk), aluminum hydroxide, hydroxyapatite, and hydrated silica (opal).

Hydroxyapatite is as hard as tooth enamel, and hydrated silica is harder than tooth enamel, so both of those can wear the teeth down more than the softer abrasives listed before them.

The detergents used in toothpaste are generally the same ones used in shampoo. They help clean your teeth in the same way as shampoo cleans your hair, and they create the foam when you brush. You can’t taste the detergent because toothpastes are usually very strongly flavored to overcome the taste of what the brush is removing from the teeth.

Tooth enamel can be strengthened against cavities by adding fluoride to toothpaste. Antibacterial agents are sometimes added to kill bacteria that form films of plaque.

Sodium polyphosphate is added to toothpaste to reduce the formation of tartar—plaque that has become hardened by the calcium phosphate salts in saliva. Whitening toothpastes contain peroxides that bleach the teeth.

LIST OF ATOMIC RADIUS AND ATOMIC WEIGHTS OF ELEMENTS BASIC INFORMATION

Here is a list of atomic numbers and atomic weights.

The radius of an atom can be estimated by taking half the distance between the nucleus of two of the same atoms. For example, the distance between the nuclei of is 2.66 Å, half that distance would be the radius of atomic iodine or 1.33 Å. Using this method the atomic radius of nearly all the elements can be estimated.

Note that going across the periodic table, the atomic radius decreases. This is due to the fact that the principal energy level (principal quantum number) remains the same, but the number of electrons increase.

The increase in the number of electrons causes an increase in the electrostatic attraction which causes the radius to decrease. However, going down the periodic table the principal energy level increases and hence the atomic radius increases.

Below is a lists the atomic radii of some of the elements.

Below is a list of its atomic weights: