SYNTHETIC POLYMERS BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS

What are synthetic polymers?

A large fraction of the chemical industry worldwide is devoted to polymer manufacture, which is very important in the area of hazardous wastes, as a source of environmental pollutants, in toxicology, and in the manufacture of materials used to alleviate environmental and waste problems.

Synthetic polymers are produced when small molecules called monomers bond together to form a much smaller number of very large molecules. Many natural products are polymers; for example, cellulose in wood, paper, and many other materials is a polymer of the sugar glucose.

Synthetic polymers form the basis of many industries, such as rubber, plastics, and textiles manufacture.

An important example of a polymer is polyvinylchloride. This polymer is synthesized in large quantities for the manufacture of water and sewer pipes, water-repellant liners, and other plastic materials.

Other major polymers include polyethylene (plastic bags, milk cartons), polypropylene (impact-resistant plastics, indoor outdoor carpeting), polyacrylonitrile (Orlon, carpets), polystyrene (foam insulation), and polytetrafluoroethylene (Teflon coatings, bearings).

Polymers have a number of applications in waste treatment and disposal. Waste disposal landfill liners are made from synthetic polymers, as are the fiber filters that remove particulate pollutants from flue gas in baghouses.

Membranes used for ultrafiltration and reverse osmosis treatment of water are composed of very thin sheets of synthetic polymers. Organic solutes can be removed from water by sorption onto hydrophobic (water repelling) organophilic beads of Amberlite XAD resin.

Heavy metal pollutants are removed from wastewater by cation exchange resins made of polymers with anionic functional groups. Typically, these resins exchange harmless sodium ion, Na+, on the solid resin for toxic heavy metal ions in water.

Many of the hazards from the polymer industry arise from the monomers used as raw materials. Many monomers are reactive and flammable, with a tendency to form explosive vapor mixtures with air. All have a certain degree of toxicity; vinyl chloride is a known human carcinogen.

The combustion of many polymers may result in the evolution of toxic gases, such as hydrogen cyanide (HCN) from polyacrylonitrile or hydrogen chloride (HCl) from polyvinylchloride. Another hazard presented by plastics results from the presence of plasticizers added to provide essential properties, such as flexibility.

The most widely used plasticizers are phthalates, which are environmentally persistent, resistant to treatment processes, and prone to undergo bioaccumulation.

ORGANIC CHEMISTRY BASIC INFORMATION AND TUTORIALS

What is Organic Chemistry?

Most carbon-containing compounds are organic chemicals and are addressed by the subject of organic chemistry. Organic chemistry is a vast, diverse discipline because of the enormous number of organic compounds that exist as a consequence of the versatile bonding capabilities of carbon.

Such diversity is due to the ability of carbon atoms to bond to each other through single bonds (two shared electrons), double bonds (four shared electrons), and triple bonds (six shared electrons), in a limitless variety of straight chains, branched chains, and rings.

Among organic chemicals are included the majority of important industrial compounds, synthetic polymers, agricultural chemicals, biological materials, and most substances that are of concern because of their toxicities and other hazards.

Pollution of the water, air, and soil environments by organic chemicals is an area of significant concern.

Chemically, most organic compounds can be divided among hydrocarbons, oxygen-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, sulfur-containing compounds, organohalides, phosphorus- containing compounds, or combinations of these. Each of these classes of organic compounds is discussed briefly here.

All organic compounds, of course, contain carbon. Virtually all also contain hydrogen and have at least one C–H bond.

The simplest organic compounds, and those easiest to understand, are those that contain only hydrogen and carbon.

These compounds are called hydrocarbons and are addressed first among the organic compounds discussed in this chapter. Hydrocarbons are used here to illustrate some of the most fundamental points of organic chemistry, including organic formulas, structures, and names.